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How the Brain Got Language: The Mirror System Hypothesis (Studies in the Evolution of Language), by Michael A. Arbib
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Unlike any other species, humans can learn and use language. This book explains how the brain evolved to make language possible, through what Michael Arbib calls the Mirror System Hypothesis. Because of mirror neurons, monkeys, chimps, and humans can learn by imitation, but only "complex imitation," which humans exhibit, is powerful enough to support the breakthrough to language. This theory provides a path from the openness of manual gesture, which we share with nonhuman primates, through the complex imitation of manual skills, pantomime, protosign (communication based on conventionalized manual gestures), and finally to protospeech. The theory explains why we humans are as capable of learning sign languages as we are of learning to speak. This fascinating book shows how cultural evolution took over from biological evolution for the transition from protolanguage to fully fledged languages. The author explains how the brain mechanisms that made the original emergence of languages possible, perhaps 100,000 years ago, are still operative today in the way children acquire language, in the way that new sign languages have emerged in recent decades, and in the historical processes of language change on a time scale from decades to centuries. Though the subject is complex, this book is highly readable, providing all the necessary background in primatology, neuroscience, and linguistics to make the book accessible to a general audience.
- Sales Rank: #1373074 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-04-11
- Released on: 2012-04-11
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
"...I recommend Arbib's book to serious students of language evolution.... How the Brain Got Language should be a valuable resource for scholars of language evolution." --PsycCRITIQUES
"Arbib's book copiously illustrates the interdisciplinarity of research on language evolution, drawing on data from neuroscience, etholohy, linguistics, human palaeontology and prehistoric archaeology." - Kerstin Hoge, Times Literary Supplement
"Arbib's book is well written and engaging. Even if one does not agree with Arbib on how the human brain got language, the book may interest the intended audience [of] educated lay readers, as well as researchers in linguistics, cognitive neuroscience, neurolinguistics, natural language processing, primatology, and anthropology." -Fredrik Heinat, Nordic Journal of Linguistics
"Together with introducing is own theory of language evolution, Arbib also rightfully evaluates some contemporary views on language origin. These views differ from Arbib's theory in terms of their different foci on linguistic components, distinct modularity and forms about the proto language, and various scenarios of language origin." -Lan Shuai & Tao Gong, SciVerse ScienceDirect
About the Author
Michael Arbib was a pioneer in the interdisciplinary study of computers and brains, and has long studied brain mechanisms underlying the visual control of action. For more than a decade he has devoted much energy to understanding the relevance of this work, and especially of mirror neurons, to the evolution of the language-ready brain.
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Mix of scientific and speculative
By Gregory A. Turner
I am not specialist or even well-read in this specific topic or area of neuroscience / mirror neuron systems. Graduate school linguistics in the mid 70's so that's about as dated as you can get. At any rate, intrigued by the discovery of mirror neuron. Arbib definitely has the creds and his book comes across as broad and comprehensive grasp of array of related disciplines. Complicated and for me a hard read. I found the speculation part tiring at times - the science is there, yes, but it all goes to - what has to be - speculation about evolution for which there is no data per se. I would put the book down and then a few days later, think to pick it up again and invariably would be re-captivated until the speculation slog wore me back down. Cycle repeats. It's worth persisting since interesting information continues through the final chapters.
His hypothesis is that mirror neuron system provides the seed for communicative "duality" - the sender makes assumption that receiver will decode to the same semantic content / the receiver assumes that his/her decode is what was intended by the sender. He creates a path from macaque monkey MNS studies through great apes (chimps, gorillas) vocal, facial and hand gestures, onto human communication - analyzing imitation and pantomime and seeing gesture as linchpin for the development of human language: in this regard, he employs data from sign language studies.
Probably impossible to gather in all relevant references but one example of glaring omission is 2006 UCLA study
First Evidence Found of Mirror Neuron’s Role in Language
Sep 21, 2006
a summary of which can be found with search on phys.org. I couldn't recall any mention of this and my search via his names index and subject index did not hit. A mysterious omssion.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Very Insightful Book
By Amazon Customer
Very well written book. I am currently a Senior in High School and despite what other reviews said this book was not too technical for me to read it. I found myself looking up definitions for words that I have not seen before, but that is expected. It not only gives a great view on linguistics in the Brain, but it also gave me a completely different view on Human Behavior in general. Reading this book taught me a lot about psychology and neurology, as well as neurolinguistics.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Fascinating theory that's asked to explain too much.
By Paris traveler
Important book. Hickok's The Myth of Mirror Neurons can be usefully consulted for an alternate perspective, and for putting the brakes on the hype. The mirror systems remain an important discovery despite being abused as a theoretical panacea.
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