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In Cataclysm, Herman S. Wolk examines the thinking and leadership of General Henry H. (Hap) Arnold, Commanding General, Army Air Forces (AAF), during World War II. Specifically, Wolk concentrates on Arnold’s role in crafting the weapons, organization, and command of the strategic bombing offensive against Japan. The B-29 long-range bombing campaign against the Japanese home islands dictated unprecedented organization and command; hence, Arnold established the Twentieth Air Force, commanded by himself from Washington and reporting directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Arnold excelled in his command of the AAF, relieving a long-time colleague (Hansell) in favor of a hard-nosed operator (LeMay). This crucial move was a turning point in the Pacific War. In the spring and summer of 1945, Arnold was a driven leader, almost willing the B-29 campaign and the air and sea blockade to collapse Japan before the scheduled massive invasion of Kyushu on November 1st. Arnold agreed that politically the atomic bomb shocked the Japanese to capitulation, but as the architect of the bombing offensive, he emphasized that Japan was already defeated in the summer of 1945 by the bombing and blockade, and that it was not militarily necessary to drop the atomic bomb. Wolk brings out important rationales and connections in doctrine, organization, and command not previously published. He also mines sources not previously exploited, including the author’s interviews with General LeMay, Hansell, and Eaker; Arnold’s wartime correspondence; documentation from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; and postwar interrogations of Japanese officials and civilians. Cataclysm will prove an important addition to the history of the Pacific War, airpower, and the debate over the use of the atomic bomb against Japan.
- Sales Rank: #1132282 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-11-30
- Released on: 2012-11-30
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
“Cataclysm is a fine book. It deals with a subject that is central to the conduct of the always controversial last act of the Pacific War and indirectly with the creation of the USAAF in structure and doctrine. It will be well received and, more importantly, of great use to a new generation of scholars examining the Pacific War.”—Eric M. Bergerud, author of Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific and Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific
“Wolk's book includes more detail and depth on Pacific air campaign grand strategy than any other available. His work is a solid contribution to the scholarship already available on General Arnold and the strategic air war in the Pacific.”—Dik A. Daso, author of Hap Arnold and the Evolution of American Airpower and U.S. Air Force: A Complete History
“Although there have been books about the Pacific War, to include the B-29 campaign, and there have been books about Hap Arnold, there has not yet been a work that ties those two together and looks closely at Arnold as a combat commander. Herman Wolk is a true pro, and his unique book will appeal to military historians of all stripes.”—Phillip S. Meilinger, author of Hoyt S. Vandenberg and Hubert R. Harmon
"In Cataclysm, as in all his other work, Wolk combines detailed research, mastery of the secondary literature, and trenchant analysis. Wolk makes several original contributions to the literature on the development and employment of U.S. military aviation before and during World War II. . . . By delving deeply in his sources and asking original questions, Wolk has produced a volume with which students of the U.S. Air Force and World War II must reckon."--Military History of the West
"The author does an outstanding job of identifying the critical issues and events, helping us understand combat leadership. Hap Arnold did not hesitate to replace a long-time colleague, Haywood Hansell, with the hard-charging Curtis LeMay. This became a turning point in the bombing campaign and in the war. That the author could draw upon earlier interviews he conducted with Generals LeMay, Hansell, and Ira Eaker enhances this study."--Journal of America's Military Past
"The work is based on extensive research in major document collections, important interviews, and a lifetime of work in the field. . . . Cataclysm is an essential volume for the study of strategy in the Pacific war or of the development of American air power."--Journal of Military History
"Cataclysm is an objective, persuasive, articulate account of Hap Arnold and the strategic bombing effort against Japan in 1944 and 1945. It is a must read for any serious student of World War II, air power, and senior-level military command."--Military Review
About the Author
HERMAN S. WOLK retired as Senior Historian, U.S. Air Force. After receiving B.A. and M.A. degrees from the American International College, Springfield, Mass., he studied at the Far Eastern and Russian Institute, University of Washington, 1957-1959. He was historian at Headquarters, Strategic Air Command, 1959-1966. He served in the Office of Air Force History in Washington, D.C., from 1966 to 2005. A fellow of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, he was awarded the Maj. Gen. I. B. Holley Award for significant contribution to the research, interpretation, and documentation of Air Force history. He was the author of Strategic Bombing: The American Experience; Planning and Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943-1947; The Struggle for Air Force Independence, 1943-1947; Fulcrum of Power: Essays on the Air Force and National Security; and Reflections on Air Force Independence.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Arnold's Vision Helps Defeat The Japanese
By Jeffrey T. Munson
General Henry "Hap" Arnold was the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces in World War II. Arnold, along with President Roosevelt and later, President Truman, believed that the key to the defeat of Japan was a sustained bombing offensive against the Japanese Home Islands. In "Cataclysm", author Herman S. Wolk describes Arnold's efforts to bomb the Japanese into submission.
Arnold believed that, in order to be successful against the Japanese, the Army Air Forces needed a long-range bomber superior to the B-17. Boeing went on to construct the B-29 Superfortress, a long-range bomber capable of hitting Japan from the Marianas Islands, captured in the summer of 1944. Arnold went about establishing the twentieth air force, whose job it would be to bomb Japan. Commanded initially by Gen. Haywood Hansell, the twentieth got off to an auspicious start. Hansell, a believer in high-altitude precision daylight bombing, was not producing the desired results Arnold was looking for. Arnold, after finally relieving Hansell of command, replaced him with General Curtis LeMay. With LeMay's addition, new tactics were introduced. LeMay intended to have the B-29s fly low and drop incendiary bombs on Japanese cities.
The results were dramatic. In one raid on Tokyo in March, 1945, over sixteen square miles of the city were destroyed by the fire bombs. Arnold was impressed with LeMay's initiative and soon, more Japanese cities suffered the same fate as Tokyo. As the war drew on into the spring of 1945, it was clear that Japan was beaten. The question was how long could she hold out? Arnold believed that sustained bombing and blockade would force Japan's surrender, but Truman wanted to drop the atomic bombs. These bombs politically shocked the Japanese into surrender.
I found this book to be informative and interesting. I've read much about the decision on whether or not to drop the atomic bombs, and this book contains lots of information on that debate. I was also impressed with Wolk's overall narrative of General Arnold and his role in the Pacific war. Arnold was a forward thinker, and his decision to place LeMay in command of the twentieth air force was one of the defining moments of the bombing campaign against the Japanese.
I enjoyed this book, and I recommend it highly to readers of World War II history. Arnold was one of the leading figures in the American effort against the Japanese, and this book does a good job of describing his contributions.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent Historic Military Aviation book
By Ralph Glasser MD
How much do you know about Hap Arnold, THE MAN in charge of ALL US aircraft flying in WW2? Yeah, even as an aviation enthusiast for 50 years, I didn't know much either. This tells his story eloquently and just makes me want to learn more. Of all the aviaiton books I buy and read, I learned more NEW stuff about US military aviation history from its beginnings through WW2 and beyond. A MUST READ for any aviation enthusiast!
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
If for no other reason than a reminder of what ...
By David L Elliott
If for no other reason than a reminder of what it takes to win a war, when the anti-war folks are successful in avoiding war until there is no other option. General Arnold truly gave his life to win the war in the Pacific, by being the leading Air Force General who worked tirelessly to insure that we would not have to invade the main islands of Japan with the massive loss of life that would have resulted. He was a true leader and hero of the 'Greatest Generation'.
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